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The First Record for the Larval Stages of Haplorchis pumilio From Lymnaea cailliaudi Snail in Egypt Navigation: Main page » Insect Articles Author: Prof. Dr. Hussein EL-Sheikh( ) Ass. Prof. Said Nour EL-Din( )Dr. Ahmed Abd-Alla Taima( ) The First Record for the Larval Stages of Haplorchis pumilio From Lymnaea cailliaudi Snail in Egypt Prof. Dr. Hussein EL-Sheikh( ) Ass. Prof. Said Nour EL-Din( )Dr. Ahmed Abd-Alla Taima( ) Ass. Prof Mohammed Wanas( ) Prof. Dr. Mohammed Tawfik ( )Abstract: In this study 325 Lymnaea cailliaudi snail were collected from drains (106) and canals (219) of old planted land from Beheira governorate, Egypt in the period from December 1997 to November 1999 and examined for the larval stages of trematodes. It was found that 18 snail from the drains (16.98%) were found to be infected with xiphidiocercaria sp, whereas 15 snail from the canals (6.85%) were found to be infected with larval stages of Haplorchis pumilio. The morphology of redia and cercaria of H. pumilio parasite was described fully in the text. Also the present finding was discussed on the light of findings of the previous authors. Introduction Haplorchis pumilio is intestinal parasite of fish eating birds and mammals. It belongs to the family of heterophyidae. The larval stages of this parasite were recovered from Melania tuberculata snail by many authors from these: Khalil (1932), Price (1940), El-Gindy and Hanna (1963), Khalifa et al. (1977), Hassan (1987), Al-Shareef (1988) and Saad and Abed (1995). In this study the redia and cercaria of H. pumilio was recorded from Lymnaea cailliaudi snail for the first time from Egypt. Material and Methods Collection and identification of Snails Lymnaea cailliaudi snails were collected from canals and drains of old planted land, from Beheira governorate, Egypt in the period from December 1997 to November 1999. The net used for snail collection consists of suitable wire net fixed to a strong square iron frame with the dimensions 33.33 cm. The depth of the net is 10 cm. and provided with wooden handle (about three meters in length). The scooping started at the edge of the water towards midline, where the net was shaken in the water, after it has been filled with plants, the snails then loosen their hold on the plants and dropped to the bottom of the net. The collected snails were placed in a container and transferred to the laboratory, where they were identified on the bases of the morphological characters of the shell and the body according to keys proposed by Abdel-Malek (1974), WHO Snails Identification Center (1973) and (1980) and Nada (1983). Examination of Snails for Larval Stages of Trematodes Two methods were used for examination of snails for infection with larval trematodes: a- By exposure of snails to natural or artificial light for one hour at 25oC for cercarial shedding. B- Crushing of snails for detection of the intra-molluscan stages using dissecting microscope. Staining of Fixed Specimens Different stains such as acetocarmine, boraxcarmine and Gowers were tested for permanent whole mount preparations. But acetocarmine gave the best results with rediae and cercariae. The procedure was carried out as follows: After fixation in 70% ethanol, few drops of the stain were added to the fixed specimens for about 2-5 minutes. Dilute solution of acid alcohol (½ ml conc. HCl per 100 ml 70% ethanol) was used for differentiation. Specimens were dehydrated in ascending grades of alcohol (80%, 90%, 96% and 100% ethanol). Clearing was carried out by terpineol or clove oil and mounting in Canada Balsam. Drawing, Measurements and Photomicroscopy Camera lucida was used for drawing mounted specimens. The measurements (10 specimens) in micrometer of the cercariae were taken from the longest and widest parts of body, tail and other organs. The minimum and maximum values were recorded for each organ with the average in parenthesis. Photomicroscopy was done using automatic camera of Carl Zeiss photomicroscope III with different magnifications. Identification of the Cercariae Identification of the cercariae was based on keys proposed by Luhe (1909), Dawes (1946), Yamaguti (1975) and Frandsen and christensen (1984). Results In this work 325 Lymnaea cailliaudi snail were collected from drains (106) and canals (219) of old planted land. 18 snail from 106 snail (16.98%) were found to be infected with xiphidiocercaria sp. Whereas 15 snail from 219 snail (6.85%) were found to be infected with Haplorchis pumilio. In this manuscript we throw the light on larval stages of H. pumilio, whereas the xiphidiocercaria which recovered from L. cailliaudi in this work was studied by many authors and no more from its publication. Redia (Plates 1, 2) The mature redia is cylindrical in shape without lappets, measuring 724-972 (837.6) in length and 137-164 (150.4) in maximum width. It has a well developed oral sucker measures 44-66 × 31-57 (57.4 × 48.8) and short sacular intestine. The rediae contain cercariae in different developmental stages and germ balls which are located at the posterior end of the rediae. Cercaria (Plates 1-3) The body of the cercaria is oval to elongate measures 191-273 (234) in length and 98-120 (104.8) in breadth. The oral sucker is oval in shape and subterminal in position, measures 35- 44 × 31- 40 (41.8 × 36.2). It provided with a muscular protrusible organ (sacrificing or penetration organ). The ventral sucker can not be detected. There are two quadrangular dark eye spots located anteriorly at either sides of the body, measures 11-13 × 6-8 (11.8 × 6.8) . The distance between any of which and the anterior border of the body is 80 . The pharynx which is circular in shape, is present in between or directly behind the eye spots measuring 15-17 (15.66) . The remainder of the alimentary canal can not be detected in all specimens. The body contains seven pairs of big penetration glands arranged vertically in two rows extending from just below the level of pharynx to posterior extremity of the body. The excretory vesicle fills about the posterior fifth of the body, enclosed with the posterior three pairs of penetration glands. Its shape varies according to the state of contraction from oval to globular. The wall of the vesicle is composed of cells with granular cytoplasm and relatively large nuclei. The exact pattern of the collecting ducts and flame cells formula could not be traced due to the thick tegument. The primordium of the genital system occurs just anterior to the excretory vesicle and is partially surrounded by the cell bodies of penetration glands. It is oval or pyramidal heavily stained mass of cells. The tail fits into a socket in the posterior end of the body. It is slender and provided with transparent lateral and dorso-ventral fins. The lateral fins extend nearly to the anterior third of the tail, while the dorsal fin begins a short distance from the end of the lateral fin, passing around the tip of the tail to terminate after the two fifth of the tail on the ventral side. Bristle like structure can be better detected on the tail fins during the life span of cercaria. The tail measures 417-577 (512.4) in length and 33-35 (34.6) in maximum breadth except the fins. Biological Characters The cercariae are moderately active swimmers. They swim randomly in all directions in water of the container. The cercariae remain active for about 2-3 days at room temperature. They are concentrated at the more illuminated part of the container (positive phototaxis). The cercariae relax to rest for a short period from time to time. Discussion Plates (1-3) and table (1) show that the present cercaria is a cercaria of H. pumilio which recovered by many authors in Egypt from prosobranch snail M. tuberculata. This is the first recored of H. pumilio from the pulmonate snail L. cailliaudi in Egypt. Wesenberg-Lund (1934) and Probert (1966) subscribed to the idea that many species of miracidia show a preference for a particular species of mollusc but may develop in a closely, related species usually of the same genus. Also Kamel and Kassem (1991) showed that trematodes adapted to a single or a few species of snails that belong to the same genus or family. However, Ewers (1964) found few cases of infestation of several genera of molluscs by a single species of trematode. Abbreviations B: body. C: cercaria. dff: dorsal finfold. E: eye. EV: excretory vesicle. G: gut. gb: germ balls. gp: genital primordia. Lff: lateral finfold. Ocg: openings of cystogenous glands. OS: oral sucker. Pg: penetration glands. Ph: Pharynx. R: redia. So: sacrificing organ. T: tail. Vff: ventral fin fold. Table (1): Comparison between rediae and cercariae of Haplorchis pumilio described from Melania tuberculata snail by different authors and the present redia and cercaria from Lymnaea caillliaudi snail. Authors Organs Khalil, 1932 (fixed in 5% formaline ) El-Gindy and Hanna (1963) (after mounting) Khalifa et al (1977) Hassan (1987) Killed by heat El-Shareef (1988) Saad & Abed (1995) after mounting) Present specimens after mounting Killed by heat (fixed in 10% formaline) Cercaria Body length 180-350 120-220(160) 240-258 180-204 243.2-326.4 (262.41) 200-210 (204) 200-215 191-273 (234) Body breadth 100 50-95 (72) 78-90 102-114 70.4-134.4 (92.48) 65-85 (75.1) 65-75 98-120 (104.8) Oral sucker 39 × 29 20-35 29.9-34.5 × 27.5-33.8 43.7-48.3×32.2-34.5 33.6-49 × 30.8-43.4 (40.39-35.91) 30-38.5 (35.2) 35-40×30-35 35-44 × 31-40 (41.8 × 36.2) Pharynx Near oral sucker - After the eye spots After the eye spots After the eye spots 10 15-17 (15.66) Eye spots from anterior end - - - - - 59 - 80 Eye spots - - 9.2-11.5×4.6-5.2 - - - 11-13 × 6-8 (11.8 × 6.8) Tail length 486 390-560 (448) 480-552 430-510 448-576 (523.84) 362.5-455 (431.5) 420-430 417-577 (512.4) Tail width 39 20-35(30) 30.36 24-30 25.6-57.6 (34.24) 24-30(27) 30 33-35 (34.6) Patterns of penetration glands 7 pairs in 2 rows voluminous posterior two pairs surrounded the excretory vesicle Similar to the preceding Similar to the preceding Similar to the preceding Similar to the preceding Similar to the preceding Similar to the preceding Redia Redia lenght - - - - - 700-765 (732.5) 600-1000 724-972 (837.6) Redia width - - - - - 110-175 (142.5) 180-200 137-164 (150.4) Oral sucker - - - - - 40-50(45) 30-35 44-66 × 31-57 (57.4 × 48.8) Plate (1): Camera lucida drawing of redia and cercaria of Haplorchis pumilio from Lymnaea cailliaudi snail. Plate 2: Photographs of redia and cercaria of Haplorchis pumilio from Lymnaea cailliaudi snail (X = 50, 125, 125, 125 and 375 in figs. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively). Plate 3: Photographs of cercaria of Haplorchis pumilio from Lymnaea cailliaudi snail ( X = 500 in figs. 8-10). References Abdel-Malek, E. (1974): Medical and economic malacology. A subsidiary Harcout Brace Jovanovich. Academic press New York and London. Al-Shareef, A. M. F. (1988): Biological studies on some larval helminths associated with some fresh and brackish water snails in Egypt. Ph. D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Al - Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. Dawes, Ben (1946): The trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. Cambridge, the Univ. Press. EI-Gindy, M. S. and Hanna, F. Y. (1963): Larval trematodes from snails Pirenella conica and Melania tuberculata with special reference to heterophyiasis. Bull. End. Dis. Bag. 5 (2): 33-58. Ewers, W. H. (1964): The influence of the density of snails on the incidence of larval trematodes. Parasit. 54:579-583. Frandsen, F. and Christensen, N. O. (1984): An introductory guide to identification of cercariae from African fresh water snails with special reference to cercariae of trematode species of medical and veterinary importance. Act. Trop. 41: 181-202. Kamel, E. G. and Kassem, H. H. (1991): First record of Planorbis planorbis (Linnaeus) naturally infected with xiphidiocercar-ia from derna Libya. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasit. 21 (1): 99-105. Khalil, M. (1932): The life history of a heterophyid parasite in Egypt. C. R. Congr. Int. Med. Trop. Hyg. 4: 137-147. Luhe, M. (1909): Parasitche plattwurmer Die susswasser fauna Dentschland. Heft 17, Trematodes: 1-217. Nagaty, H. F.; El-Gindy, M. S. and Rifaat, M. A. (1961): Medical parasitology and Entomology. Anglo, Egypt. Bookshop, UAR. Price, E. W. (1940): A review of the heterophyid trematodes with special reference to those parasitic in man. Int. Congr. Microbial. Rep. Proc. : 440 - 447. Probert, A. J. (1966): Studies on the incidence of larval trematodes infecting the freshwater molluscs of langorse lake, south Wales. J. Helminth. 40 (1/2): 115-130. Saad, A. I. A. and Abed, G. H. (1995): Studies on the life cycle of Haplorchis pumilio (Looss, 1896) Looss, 1899 with morphological redescription of larval and adult stages. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasit. 25 (3) : 795 - 806. W.H.O. (1973): Snail Identification Centre. A field guide to African freshwater snails 3-North East African species. Danish Bilharziasis labortory. W.H.O. (1980): A practical guide to the identification of African freshwater snails Danish Bilharziasis laboratory. Wesenberg-lund, C. (1934): Contribution to the development of the Trematoda Digenea. Part II-the biology of the freshwater cercariae in Danish fresh water. Yamaquti, S. (1975): A synoptical review of life histories of digenetic trematodes of vertebrates with special references to the morphology of their larval forms. Keigoku publishing Co., Tokyo, 590 PP. Articles |
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