The First Recored for the Free Stages of Strongyloides stercoralis in Sebha City, South Libya

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Author: Ahmed Abd-Alla Taima* Ahmed Mohamed Mashmour ¹ Altib AbdAlwahab Mohamed ²

The First Recored for the Free Stages of Strongyloides stercoralis in Sebha City, South Libya

Ahmed Abd-Alla Taima* Ahmed Mohamed Mashmour ¹

Altib AbdAlwahab Mohamed ²

Acha Arhoma ³

Zakia Abobaker ⁴

Salma Alsalil ⁵

*Lecturer of Parasitology, Faculty of Science Sebha University.

E.mail: dr_Ahmed taima@Yahoo.com 

1-Faculty of Science, Sebha University, The head of Zoology department.

2- Faculty of Science, Sebha University, Zoology department

3- Faculty of Science, Sebha University, Zoology department

4- Faculty of Science, Sebha University, Zoology department

5- Faculty of Science, Sebha University, Zoology department

Abstract:

In this study samples of sewage and drinking waters were collected monthly from 6 municipalities across Sebha City namely EL-Mahedya, EL-Jadid, EL-Gorda, EL-Manshya, Hagara and EL-Karama regions, during the period from March 2006 to July in the same year and examined for parasitic infection. Aiming to identify the intestinal parasites which infect Sebha City inhibitors and investigate the possibility of pollution of drinking water with parasites. The results showed the clearance of drinking water from any parasitic infection in all sites in the period of study. Entamoeba histolytica and E. coli cysts were detected in sewage water in EL-Mahedya and Gorda regions in March and April. In the period from May to July the free stages of Strongyloides stercoralis parasite were identified for the first time in Sebha City from EL- Mahedya, EL-Manshya and EL- Jadid regions. The results was discussed in the text of this work. Recommendation are stated.

Introduction:

Strongyloides stercoralis is a common intestinal nematode that affects 30-100 million people worldwide; it is endemic in Africa, southeast Asia and central and south America (Adedayo et al. 2002& Siddiqui and Berk, 2001)

Strongyloidiasis is usually a benign infestation producing relatively little morbidity or mortality occasionally, the worm becomes invasive giving rise to severe symptoms and mortality this occurs, most often, in setting of immunocompromised state associated with malignancy, including lymphoma, human immunodeficiency virus or corticosteroid administration (Mohammed et al. 2002). Hyperinfection is rare (Safder et al. 2004). Nevertheless, disseminated infection carries increased morbidity and mortality (Boram et al. 1981). Symptoms can be present in headache, drowsiness, breathlessness, hypotension, bilateral bronchopneumonia, purpuric macules and patches over the upper thigh (Reddy and Swarnalata, 2005). The life cycle is more complex than that of most nematodes, with its alternation between free living and parasitic cycles and it's potential for autoinfection and multiplication within the host. Traditionally, the cysts of Entamoeba coli and E. histolytica were detected in the samples of stools and sewage waters and sometimes in drinking waters. Investigation of drinking and sewage waters was done by many authors in different countries (Le Chevallier et al.1991& Wallis el al.1996). In this work the drinking and sewage waters from various regions of Sebha City were investigated microscopically to illucidated the parasites which infect Sebha inhibitors and pollute the drinking water.

Material and methods

The samples of drinking and sewage water were collected monthly from March to July 2006, from socially different regions of Sebha City including EL-Mahedya, El-jadid, El-gorda, EL-Manshya, Hagara and EL-Karama regions. The samples were examined: a- macroscopically b- microscopically after concentration by centrifuge and stainning using iodine or silver impregnation technique (Lie,1966). The detected parasites were measured using a stage micrometer method. Results The results revealed that the clearance of drinking water of any parasitic infection in different sites in the period of study; whereas the sewage waters were found to be polluted with some parasites at different periods: -In March and April the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica and E coli were detected in EL-Mahedya and EL-Gorda regions. The cysts were recognized on the basis of it's external features and number of nuclei . -In May, June and July, the free stages of Strongyloides stercoralis parasite (rhabditiform larvae, filariform larvae and adult females) appeared in EL-Mahedya, EL-Manshya and EL-Jadid regions. The free stages of S.stercoralis were defined on the basis of it's morphology and measurements. Rhabditiform larvae, filariform larvae and adult females measured: 220-330(264± 14.8)µ, 407-616 (487± 80.75)µ, and 803-920(880± 54.45)µ. respectively.

Discussions:

In this work, the results disclosed the clearance of drinking water from any parasitic infection in all sites in the period of study; where it is pumped from the under ground and there is no chance for it's pollution with the parasites as it occurs in Rivers, where it contaminated with the parasites from sewage water or/and from water animals such as beavers, muskrats and water voles (Dykes, 1980 and Erlandsen, 1988). On the other side, the samples of sewage waters collected from EL-Mahedya and EL-Gorda were found to be infected with Entamoeba histolytica and E. coli cysts in March and April. The presence of these parasites in this period was supported by Wallis et al. (1996) who claimed that the parasitic protozoa increased in late winter and beginning of spring in spite of it's presence all over the year. Our findings were supported also by Hernandez-Chavarria and Avendano (2001), Sithithaworn et al. (2003), Jackson et al. (2003) and Verweij et al.(2003) who reported the presence of E. histolytic a and E. coli in samples of sewage waters and stools. According to Strongyloides parasite which their free stages were identified in sewage waters in May, June and July from EL-Mahedya, EL-Manshya and EL-Jadid regions, it seems, that the environmental conditions were suitable for the heterognic development of the parasite in that period where the researchers noticed a large number of different stages of the parasite in the samples in spite of much consumption of the parasite during the study. From the measurements of different stages of Strongyloides , it was found that the parasite species is stercoralis as shown by Souslby,1982; Markell et al.1992 and Schmidt and Roberts,2005. Honestly, to the best knowlege of the researchers. This is the first record for the free stages of S. stercoralis in Sebha City Libya .

Recommendations

1- It is recommended to shed light on the S. stercoralis parasite and its danger on Human health.

2- There should be new and recent method to investigate the stool samples.

3- Future research should be done aiming to investigate those who come back from infected countries.

Cyst of Entamoeba histolytica Cyst of E coli

Eggs of Strongyloides stercoralis parasite

Rhabditiform larvae in different developmental stages

Filariform larva

1 2 3

1,2: adult females 3: middle part of adult femal

References

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تسجيل الأطوار الحرة لطفيل السترونجيلويدس استركورالس لأول مرة في مدينة سبها، ليبيا الملخص: في هذه الدراسة تم تجميع عينات من مياه المجارى ومياه الشرب شهريا من ست أحياء في مدينة سبها وهي: المهدية، الجديد، القرضة، المنشية، حجارة والكرامة في الفترة من بداية مارس 2006 إلى نهاية يوليو في نفس العام وتم فحصها مجهريا لمعرفة الطفيليات المعوية التي تصيب سكان مدينة سبها ومعرفة مدى تلوث مياه الشرب بالطفيليات. ولقد أسفرت النتائج عن خلو مياه الشرب في جميع الأحياء من أي طفيليات في أثناء فترة الدراسة. في حين أنه تم الكشف عن أكياس الانتاميبا هستوليتكا والانتاميبا كولاي في منطقتي المهدية والقرضة في شهري مارس وأبريل. أما في الفترة من مايو حتى يوليو فقد تم التعرف على الأطوار الحرة لطفيل السترونجيلويدس ستركورالس في أحياء المهدية والمنشية والجديد لأول مرة في مدينة سبها، ليبيا. وتم مناقشة النتائج في متن هذا البحث. وذكرت عدة توصيات ذات صلة بالموضوع.